{"id":7893,"date":"2025-04-14T10:18:58","date_gmt":"2025-04-14T14:18:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wipware.com\/?p=7893"},"modified":"2026-09-14T15:36:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T19:36:23","slug":"understanding-the-fundamentals-of-blasting-and-fragmentation-part-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wipware.com\/tr\/kb\/understanding-the-fundamentals-of-blasting-and-fragmentation-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Patlatma ve Par\u00e7alanman\u0131n Temellerini Anlamak, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 2"},"content":{"rendered":"
Patlatma ve par\u00e7alama, madencilik ve ta\u015f ocak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kritik i\u015flemler olup, y\u00fckleme, ta\u015f\u0131ma ve k\u0131rma gibi sonraki s\u00fcre\u00e7leri \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 patlatman\u0131n temelinde, enerjinin kaya k\u00fctlesi i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hassas bir \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 yatar. Patlatma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyebilecek temel fakt\u00f6rlerden biri de, ama\u00e7lanan patlatma geometrisini de\u011fi\u015ftiren yayg\u0131n ancak genellikle hafife al\u0131nan bir sorun olan delme sapmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sondaj Sapmas\u0131n\u0131n Etkisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0130deal bir patlatma tasar\u0131m\u0131nda, patlatma deliklerinin yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, optimum y\u00fck aral\u0131\u011f\u0131, enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve \u015fok dalgas\u0131 etkile\u015fimini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in belirli bir d\u00fczene g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, patlatma deliklerinin kas\u0131tl\u0131 olmayan yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi veya yanl\u0131\u015f hizalanmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen delme sapmas\u0131 bu d\u00fczeni bozabilir (Adebayo & Mutandwa, 2015).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Delikler birbirinden saparsa, aralar\u0131ndaki mesafe ve y\u00fck tutars\u0131z hale gelebilir. Bu hizalama bozuklu\u011fu, \u015fok dalgas\u0131 yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 etkileyerek kaya k\u00fctlesi boyunca enerji transferinin d\u00fczensiz olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ok geni\u015f oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde enerji erken da\u011f\u0131l\u0131r ve bu da kayan\u0131n yetersiz k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olur. Tersine, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131k aral\u0131klar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 enerji yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7arak a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lma ve kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n f\u0131rlamas\u0131 riskini art\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu d\u00fczensizlikler do\u011frudan kaya k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 etkiler. \u0130yi k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kaya k\u00fctlesi, tek tip boyutlarda par\u00e7alar\u0131n \u00fcretilmesini sa\u011flar. Ancak sondaj sapmas\u0131yla par\u00e7alanma \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez hale gelir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, patlatma sonucunda ince taneler, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve yetersiz ara boyutlarda par\u00e7alar olu\u015fabilir; bu da hem k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 uyumlulu\u011funu hem de operasyonel verimlili\u011fi tehlikeye atar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, ger\u00e7ekte a\u00e7\u0131lan deli\u011fin uzunlu\u011funu tasarlanan veya planlanan uzunlukla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu durumda, planlanan uzunluk, d\u00fcz bir yol boyunca, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131ndan (cebin a\u011fz\u0131) beklenen dip noktas\u0131na (deli\u011fin dibi) kadar \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr. Uzunluktaki sapmalar, \u00f6zellikle dik e\u011fimli veya derin deliklerde, matkab\u0131n ama\u00e7lanan yoldan sapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
Daha k\u0131sa delikler<\/strong> Planlanandan farkl\u0131 bir durum, rotada yukar\u0131 do\u011fru bir sapma veya b\u00fck\u00fclme anlam\u0131na gelebilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Daha uzun delikler<\/strong> Bu durum, hizalama hatas\u0131 veya jeolojik tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar nedeniyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru sapmay\u0131 veya sondaj\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mesini g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Uzunluk de\u011fi\u015fiminin izlenmesi, tasar\u0131m uzunluklar\u0131n\u0131n standartla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontroll\u00fc ortamlarda \u00f6zellikle faydal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntem, bir deli\u011fin sapma g\u00f6sterip g\u00f6stermedi\u011fini ve ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sapma g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini belirlemek i\u00e7in basit bir ilk kontrol y\u00f6ntemidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Ayak Ucu Sapmas\u0131 Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
U\u00e7 sapmas\u0131, ger\u00e7ek kuyu son noktas\u0131n\u0131n (u\u00e7 noktas\u0131) ama\u00e7lanan veya tasarlanan konumundan yatay ve dikey yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesini de\u011ferlendirir. Bu, sapman\u0131n do\u011frudan bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr ve sondaj do\u011frulu\u011funun en g\u00fcvenilir g\u00f6stergelerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
U\u00e7 sapmas\u0131 genellikle, ger\u00e7ek u\u00e7 konumunu belirleyen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ara\u00e7lar\u0131 veya sondaj izleme sistemleri kullan\u0131larak de\u011ferlendirilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
A\u00e7\u0131 sapmas\u0131, planlanan delme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ile ger\u00e7ek delme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 ifade eder. Bu, kuyu boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli noktalarda de\u011ferlendirilebilir, ancak \u00f6zellikle kuyu a\u011fz\u0131nda ve ucuna yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerde \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131sal sapmalar bile uzun deliklerde topun ucunda \u00f6nemli bir kaymaya neden olabilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Sapmalar her ikisinde de meydana gelebilir. azimut<\/strong> (yatay a\u00e7\u0131) ve e\u011fim<\/strong> (dikey a\u00e7\u0131), spiral veya s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen deliklere yol a\u00e7ar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
A\u00e7\u0131 sapmas\u0131 genellikle jiroskop veya sondaj kameras\u0131 kullan\u0131larak izlenir ve bu sapman\u0131n belirlenmesi, \u00e7evre kontrol patlatmas\u0131 veya y\u00f6nl\u00fc sondaj gibi sondaj hizalamas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu etkiledi\u011fi durumlarda hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sondaj sapmas\u0131 nedeniyle olu\u015fan yetersiz par\u00e7alanma \u015funlara yol a\u00e7ar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u0130kinci bir k\u0131rma i\u015flemine ihtiya\u00e7 duyan kaya par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 miktardaki ince taneler toz sorunlar\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir ve ta\u015f\u0131ma verimlili\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Daha geni\u015f bir par\u00e7ac\u0131k boyutu da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 (PSD) e\u011frisi, verimsiz enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck patlama performans\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Sondaj sapmas\u0131n\u0131n etkilerini azaltmak ve tutarl\u0131 par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, patlatma de\u011ferlendirme s\u00fcrecine WipFrag g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc analiz yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n entegre edilmesi \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir. WipFrag \u015funlar\u0131 sa\u011flar:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
Patlaman\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan PSD e\u011frilerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olan ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 par\u00e7alanma analizi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 miktarda iri ta\u015f veya ince taneli malzeme i\u00e7eren b\u00f6lgelerin belirlenmesi ve bunlar\u0131n olas\u0131 sondaj hatalar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilmesi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Delik hizalama hatas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan performans sapmalar\u0131ndaki kal\u0131plar\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in birden fazla patlatma sonucunun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
M\u00fchendisler, WipFrag'in spesifikasyon zarf\u0131 arac\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, par\u00e7alanman\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 uyumluluk standartlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lay\u0131p kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirebilir ve sondaj ve patlatma parametrelerini buna g\u00f6re ayarlayabilirler. Ayr\u0131ca, WipFrag'i s\u00fcrekli iyile\u015ftirme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne entegre etmek, sondaj hassasiyeti, enerji da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve genel patlatma performans\u0131 \u00fczerinde daha iyi kontrol sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Patlatma i\u015flemlerinin temellerini anlamak, patlay\u0131c\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmenin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7er; hassas delme gerektirir. Delme sapmas\u0131, \u015fok dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bozar ve yetersiz par\u00e7alanmaya yol a\u00e7arak hem g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hem de verimlili\u011fi etkiler. WipFrag gibi ara\u00e7lardan yararlanmak, madencilik profesyonellerinin patlatma sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 izlemesine, analiz etmesine ve iyile\u015ftirmesine olanak tan\u0131yarak daha verimli ve uygun maliyetli bir operasyon sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Referanslar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Adebayo, B., & Mutandwa, B. (2015). Patlatma deli\u011fi sapmas\u0131 ve blok alan\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7a boyutu ve par\u00e7alanma maliyeti ile ili\u015fkisi. Uluslararas\u0131 M\u00fchendislik ve Teknoloji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Dergisi (IRJET)<\/em>, 2<\/em>(7), 402-406.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Manzoor, S., Danielsson, M., S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, E., Schunnesson, H., Gustafson, A., Fredriksson, H. ve Johansson, D. (2022). Sondaj izlemesine dayanarak kaya par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek: \u0130sve\u00e7'teki Malmberget madeninden bir \u00f6rnek olay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131. G\u00fcney Afrika Madencilik ve Metalurji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi<\/em>, 122<\/em>(3), 155-165.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Blasting and fragmentation are critical operations in mining and quarrying, significantly influencing downstream processes such as loading, hauling, and crushing. At the core of successful blasting lies a precise understanding of how energy is distributed through the rock mass. Among the key factors that can drastically affect blast outcomes is drilling deviation, a common but […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":7894,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[58],"class_list":["post-7893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kb","tag-wipfrag"],"acf":{"related_posts":[{"ID":7354,"post_author":"6","post_date":"2025-04-14 10:07:08","post_date_gmt":"2025-04-14 14:07:08","post_content":"\n
Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Blasting is a critical operation in mining, quarrying, and construction that involves the controlled detonation of explosives to break rock into manageable fragments. The fundamental principle behind blasting lies in understanding the interaction between explosive energy and rock mechanics, particularly the propagation of shock waves and the subsequent formation of fractures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Shock-Wave Theory of Blasting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The shock-wave theory provides a framework for understanding how explosive energy transforms into mechanical work, breaking the rock. As mentioned by Hino, (1956), when an explosive charge detonates, it generates an intense shock wave accompanied by a rapid release of gas and energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This energy produces two primary effects:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Crushed Zone Formation:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Near the explosive charge, the rock undergoes intense compressive stress, exceeding its compressive strength. This creates a crushed zone, a region where the rock is pulverized into fine fragments. However, because rocks generally have a high compressive strength, this crushed zone is limited to the immediate vicinity of the charge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Figure 1 )Shadab Far et al., 2019)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Shock Wave Propagation:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Beyond the crushed zone, a high-pressure shock wave propagates outward as a compressive wave. This wave does not immediately cause rock breakage but transfers energy through the rock mass.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At the first free face (a boundary with no external constraint, such as the surface of a bench or tunnel wall), the compressive wave reflects as a tensile wave. In rock mechanics, this transition is crucial because rocks are significantly weaker under tensile stress than under compressive stress. As the tensile wave interacts with the rock, fractures form when the effective tension the difference between the reflected tensile wave and any residual compression exceeds the rock\u2019s tensile strength (Himanshu et al., 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Thickness of the First Slab and Fragmentation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
The initial fracture caused by the tensile wave occurs at a distance from the free face known as the thickness of the first slab (Hino, 1956). This distance is critical because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
It determines the size of the initial fragment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Other fragment dimensions are generally proportional to this thickness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
If the remaining compressive wave retains sufficient energy after the detachment of the first slab, it continues propagating outward (See Figure 2). This process repeats at newly created free faces, producing successive layers of fractures and reducing the rock into smaller fragments. The cycle continues until the energy of the compressive wave diminishes below the tensile strength of the rock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The interaction between these phenomena: shock wave propagation, energy dissipation, and rock strength, governs the fragmentation process. Understanding these principles allows blasting engineers to optimize blast designs to achieve desired fragment sizes, minimize blast induced issues like ground vibration, flyrock, overbreak, and ensure efficient downstream operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Factors Affecting Shock-Wave Propagation and Fragmentation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Several factors influence the effectiveness of a blast and the resulting fragmentation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Explosive Properties<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
The energy content, detonation velocity, and confinement of explosives significantly affect the shock wave's intensity and duration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
2. Rock Properties<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Variations in rock strength, density, and structure (e.g., joints, fractures, and bedding planes) influence the propagation of shock and tensile waves.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
3. Blast Design Parameters:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Hole diameter, spacing, burden, and the placement of charges determine the distribution of energy and the resulting fragmentation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
4. Free Face Orientation:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
The presence and orientation of free faces play a pivotal role in enabling tensile wave reflection and fracture initiation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
5. Energy Distribution:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Proper distribution of explosive energy ensures uniform fragmentation and minimizes the generation of oversize boulders or fines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Importance of Fragmentation in Mining Operations<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Effective fragmentation is essential for the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of mining operations. Well-fragmented rock facilitates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
Reduced loading and hauling costs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Improved crusher throughput and efficiency.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Lower energy consumption in downstream processing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Enhanced safety by minimizing the occurrence of hazardous oversize boulders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Importance of Assessing Blast Performance and Output<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
WipFrag, a state-of-the-art image analysis software, revolutionizes the assessment of blast performance and fragmentation. By analyzing images of fragmented rock, WipFrag provides precise and actionable insights into the quality of a blast. Here\u2019s how WipFrag enhances blasting operations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Particle Size distribution (PSD) Analysis:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
WipFrag generates PSD curves that quantify the size range of rock fragments, enabling operators to evaluate whether the fragmentation meets specifications.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
The software allows users to define specification envelopes for crusher-compatible fragmentation. Deviations from these envelopes highlight areas for improvement in blast design.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
3. Boulder Identification and Counting:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
WipFrag\u2019s advanced algorithms detect and count oversize boulders, providing critical data for optimizing explosive placement and burden.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
4. Image Merging and Orthomosaic Integration:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
The capability to merge multiple images ensures comprehensive analysis of large muck piles. Integration with drone orthomosaics enables wide-area assessment of blast results.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
5. Continuous Improvement:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
By comparing fragmentation results across blasts, WipFrag supports continuous improvement in blasting practices, reducing costs and improving efficiency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
6. Real-Time Analysis:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\n
Integration with systems like Solo 6 and Reflex 6 facilitates real-time monitoring and analysis, ensuring immediate feedback for decision-making.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Figure 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Figure 3<\/strong> showcases results obtained from the WipFrag software, illustrating its capabilities in fragmentation analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
Figure 3a<\/strong> presents the GIS-integrated on-site fragmentation assessment. This feature, embedded within WipFrag, allows users to visualize blast results spatially. The red sections of the GIS map highlight areas with poor blast outcomes, whereas lighter colors like blue and green represent zones with favorable fragmentation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Figure 3c<\/strong> displays the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) curves comparing three different blasts. The yellow envelope outlines the production specification of the case study mine, serving as a benchmark. WipFrag enables each mine to define their Key Performance Indicator (KPI) sizes and utilize them for ongoing assessments. This facilitates the evaluation of blast improvements over successive rounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
Additionally, the PSD curves feature size classifications and flag specific sizes that deviate from mine production requirements, ensuring precise monitoring and alignment with operational goals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
This comprehensive analysis provided by WipFrag aids in identifying areas of improvement, optimizing blasting strategies, and enhancing overall mining efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conclusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Blasting and fragmentation are complex processes driven by the interaction of explosive energy, rock mechanics, and blast design parameters. Understanding these fundamentals is essential for optimizing operations and achieving desired outcomes. WipFrag software plays a pivotal role in this optimization by providing detailed and accurate fragmentation analysis, enabling operators to assess performance, identify areas for improvement, and implement data-driven strategies for continuous enhancement. With tools like WipFrag, the mining industry can achieve safer, more efficient, and cost-effective blasting operations (download software here https:\/\/wipware.com\/get-wipfrag\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"Patlatma](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Blast-2-3D-1024x550.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Is\u0131](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Blast-1-2-1024x573.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"sketch](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/5-Figure2-1.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Sketch](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Crushed-and-cracked-zones-around-the-explosion-point_W640.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"compressive](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Picture1.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"GIS](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Sam-1024x819.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"heat](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Samp-1024x547.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n![\"Fragmentation](\"https:\/\/wipware.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Blast-1024x498.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n